nationalism 這個字比較複雜。
像 Collins 辭典是把政治獨立的意思和帶有貶意的愛國心、民族優越感分開來。
我猜你是指第一個意思？(Collins 是以現在使用頻率排列)
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/d...ish/nationalism
引用:
1. uncountable noun
Nationalism is the desire for political independence of people who feel they are historically or culturally a separate group within a country.
2. uncountable noun
You can refer to a person's great love for their nation as nationalism. It is often associated with the belief that a particular nation is better than any other nation, and in this case is often used showing disapproval.
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MW 是把 1798 的用法歸類於「愛國心、民族優越感」，
而不是訴求獨立。
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nationalism
引用:
1 : loyalty and devotion to a nation
especially : a sense of national consciousness (see consciousness sense 1c) exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations or supranational groups
2 : a nationalist movement or government
First Known Use
1798, in the meaning defined at sense 1
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